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Summary
Continent: The Americas
Population: 11,051,600 (2017 UN)
Literacy: –
Map
Bolivia is a country in South America. Its geography includes the Andes Mountains, the Atacama Desert, and Amazon Basin rain-forest.
History
The first identified population there lived around 2000 BCE. The Tiwanakans who were located south of Lake Titicaca are believed to be the ones that started this civilization.
Some thousands of years later, the Inca empire expanded and encompassed Bolivia. The Incan empire dominated Bolivia up until the Spaniards sailed to seas to arrive at Bolivia in 1525. The Spanish ruled the country for more than 300 years.
In 1809, the people of Bolivia declared independence from Spain.
Although independent Bolivia’s government has remained unstable for a very long time this is why Bolivia remains one of the poorest countries in the world. Most of the country’s revenue is generated from the export of crude petroleum and some agricultural products like Soybeans.
The political instabilities have also caused wars with surrounding countries. The most notable of which was the War of the Pacific against Chile. Bolivia lost this war and their access to the ocean. For this reason, the country remains landlocked.
Modern Times
Most of the population of Bolivia is Urban (71.8%). The majority of people speak the official language, Spanish (60% – 70%). The local languages of Quechua and Aymara are used in the rural marketplace.
Most people in Bolivia belong to a Christian denomination. Denominations include Roman Catholic (76.8%), Evangelical or Pentecostal (8.1%), and Protestant (7.9%).
Besides native Bolivians, there are several other minority ethnic groups in Bolivia. Mestizo (70%), Indigenous Bolivian (20%), White Bolivian (5%), Black Bolivian (1%), and other minor ethnic groups in Bolivia (4%). Minor groups include Asians, Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Lebanese, Jews among others.
Genetics
This section is under development.
mtDNA
Genographic ProjectGeno 2.0 Data
Data from Geno 2.0 is derived from the The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project — the DAR. The Hg ID is specific to this site and is used to protect the identities of those who take part in Genographic research. Birth Country, Mother's Birth Country, and Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country have been normalized from DAR database fields. The Maternal Origin is determined based on the three previous fields.
Note: Geno 2.0 results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing results over to build 17.
| Hg ID | Hg Build 16 | Birth Country | Mother's Birth Country | Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hap10040964 | A2 | Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10040965 | A2 | Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10040966 | A2 | United States | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10043048 | B2 | Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10043049 | B2 | United States | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10043143 | B2 | Australia | Bolivia | Unspecified |
| Hap10043686 | B2c2 | Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10044796 | C1b | Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10044797 | C1b | Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10044798 | C1b | Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10044799 | C1b | Brazil | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10044800 | C1b | United States | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10044801 | C1b | United States | Bolivia | Bolivia |
| Hap10044875 | C1b | Bolivia | Bolivia | Unspecified |
| Hap10044876 | C1b | Bolivia | Bolivia | Unspecified |
| Hap10044877 | C1b | United States | Bolivia | Unspecified |
| Hap10045674 | C1d1 | Bolivia | Bolivia | Bolivia |
Sources and Resources
Background
Coming soon.
Journal Articles
- Taboada-Echalar, P., Álvarez-Iglesias, V., Heinz, T., Vidal-Bralo, L., Gómez-Carballa, A., Catelli, L., Pardo-Seco, J., Pastoriza, A., Carracedo, Á., Torres-Balanza, A. and Rocabado, O. (2013). The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e58980.
- Gaya-Vidal, Magdalena; Moral, Pedro; Saenz-Ruales, Nancy; Gerbault, Pascale; Tonasso, Laure; Villena, Mercedes; Vasquez, Rene; Bravi, Claudio M. & Dugoujon, Jean-Michel (2011). mtDNA and Y-chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: Different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 145(2), 215-230.
- Gaya-vidal, Magdalena; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Esteban, Esther; Athanasiadis, Georgios; Rodriguez, Armando; Villena, Mercedes; Vasquez, Rene & Moral, Pedro (2010). Autosomal and X chromosome Alu insertions in Bolivian Aymaras and Quechuas: Two languages and one genetic pool. American Journal of Human Biology, 22(2), 154-162.