X2 – Haplogroup

Summary

Age: 19,233.8 ± 2,640.9; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012b)
Origin: Western Eurasia
Variants: T195C! G1719A
FTDNA Tree: Link
Parent Branch: X1’2’3
Descendant branch(s): X2a’j X2b’d X2c X2e X2f X2g X2h X2i X2k X2l X2m’n X2o X2p

YFull Info

Name: X2
Age: 42200 to 25600 ybp [95% CI]
Expansion: -
Variants: T195C! G1719A

Note: This information does not imply an endorsement of YFull or their methods. It is provided at the request of readers.

Haplogroup X2 is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. Its age is between 16,600 and 21,900 years (Behar et al., 2012b).

Age

Born between 16,600 an 21,900 years ago per Behar et al., 2012b, this branch dates to the last ice age.

Origin

Based on its modern distribution across Europe, North America, and and Middle East, this branch may originate between Western Eurasia and what it now the Middle East.

Modern Distribution

Branches that come from this one are spread throughout the world. However, those who belong to this branch but not a child branch have a separate distribution. In them, the most common locations are in Southern Europe and the Middle East.

mtDNA Haplogroup X2 Phylotree History

Phylotree.org is the maternal (mtDNA) tree of humanity. It is maintained by Dr. Mannis Van Oven. Each build is a major update to the tree. The current build is #17.

Build#	Called	Variants (Mutations)	Notes
01	X2	195 1719	Released 27 Aug 2008
02	X2	195 1719	Released 14 Oct 2008
03	X2	195 (225) 1719	Released 1 Mar 2009
04	X2	195 (225) 1719	Released 10 May 2009
05	X2	195 (225) 1719	Released 8 Jul 2009
06	X2	195 (225) 1719	Released 28 Sep 2009
07	X2	195 (225) 1719	Released 10 Nov 2009
08	X2	195 (225) 1719	Released 21 Mar 2010
09	X2	195 1719	Released 20 Jun 2010
10	X2	195 1719	Released 10 Aug 2010
11	X2	195 1719	Released 7 Feb 2011
12	X2	195 1719	Released 20 Jul 2011
13	X2	195 1719	Released 28 Dec 2011; Last Build to use the rCRS
14	X2	T195C! G1719A	Released 5 Apr 2012; First version to use the RSRS
15	X2	T195C! G1719A	Released 30 Sep 2012
16	X2	T195C! G1719A	Released 19 Feb 2014
17	X2	T195C! G1719A	Released 18 Feb 2016

mtDNA Haplogroup X2 Data Sources

GenBank Samples

GenBank is a database of genetic sequence data. It is run by the United States National Institute of Health. It serves as the main repository for mtDNA full sequence profiles. Samples come both from published academic literature and donations from genetic genealogy community members. In addition to GenBank samples, listings below may include other samples published but not submitted to GenBank such as those from the HapMap project.

Note: GenBank results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing results over to build 17.

Hg ID	Origin	Publication	Hg BLD16	Hg YFull	Missing Variants	Additional Variants
Hap5007509	-	Greenspan et al., 2006 - 2016	X2	-	X2:152	X2:315.1C, 3615, 5435, 11524, 16182C, 16183C, 16201
Hap5008701	Azerbaijan	Fernandes et al., 2012	X2	X2r	none	X2:198, 249d, 315.1C, 794, 6635, 7205, 9078, 12447, 13884T, 14178, 15119, 16183C, 16261
Hap5008702	Azerbaijan	Fernandes et al., 2012	X2	X2r	none	X2:198, 249d, 315.1C, 794, 6635, 7205, 9078, 12447, 13884T, 14178, 15119, 16183C, 16261
Hap5009548		Herrnstadt et al., 2002	X2	X2	X2:146, 152, 153, 247, 16129, 16187, 16230, 16311	X2:1-576d, 4884, 5024, 6956, 9692, 9986, 10775, 13020, 15734, 16024-16569d
Hap5009606		Herrnstadt et al., 2002	X2	X2c1	X2:146, 152, 153, 247, 16129, 16187, 16230, 16311	X2:1-576d, 8705, 16024-16569d
Hap5009627		Herrnstadt et al., 2002	X2	X2c1	X2:146, 152, 153, 247, 16129, 16187, 16230, 16311	X2:1-576d, 8705, 16024-16569d
Hap5009682		Herrnstadt et al., 2002	X2	X2	X2:146, 152, 153, 247, 16129, 16187, 16230, 16311	X2:1-576d, 8616, 16024-16569d
Hap5009901		Herrnstadt et al., 2002	X2	X2c1d	X2:146, 152, 153, 247, 16129, 16187, 16230, 16311	X2:1-576d, 8705, 15313, 16024-16569d
Hap5013940		Schönberg et al., 2011	X2	X2*	none	X2:310, 489G, 3489, 5483, 14319, 16172
Hap5016306	Tunisia	Costa et al., 2009	X2	X2*	none	X2:315.1C, 1822, 8281-8289d, 8908, 16131, 16183d, 16223, 16278
Hap5020860	Iran	Derenko et al., 2013	X2	X2*	X2:153	X2:189, 315.1C, 9647, 16256

Sources & Resources

Related Sources

Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R. (2012). A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. American journal of human genetics, 90(4), 675-684.
Costa, M.D., Cherni, L., Fernandes, V., Freitas, F., el Gaaied, A.B.A. and Pereira, L. (2009). Data from complete mtDNA sequencing of Tunisian centenarians: Testing haplogroup association and the “golden mean” to longevity. , 130(4), 222-226.
Derenko, M., Malyarchuk, B., Bahmanimehr, A., Denisova, G., Perkova, M., Farjadian, S., & Yepiskoposyan, L. (2013). Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80673.
Duggan, A.T., Harris, A.J., Marciniak, S., Marshall, I., Kuch, M., Kitchen, A., Renaud, G., Southon, J., Fuller, B., Young, J. and Fiedel, S. (2017). Genetic Discontinuity between the Maritime Archaic and Beothuk Populations in Newfoundland, Canada. Current Biology, -, -.
Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2011). MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. Mitochondrion, 11(2), 351-356.
Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2013). An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination. Mitochondrion, 13(4), 360-363.
Fernandes, Veronica; Alshamali, Farida; Alves, Marco; Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Silva, Nuno M.; Cherni, Lotfi; Harich, Nourdin; Cerny, Viktor; Soares, Pedro; Richards, Martin B. & Pereira, Luisa (2012). The Arabian Cradle: Mitochondrial Relicts of the First Steps along the Southern Route out of Africa. American journal of human genetics, 90(2), 347-355.
FamilyTreeDNA & Greenspan (2006). Sequences Directly Submited by FamilyTreeDNA on Customers’ Behalf. , -, -.
Herrnstadt, Corinna; Elson, Joanna L.; Fahy, Eoin; Preston, Gwen; Turnbull, Douglass M.; Anderson, Christen; Ghosh, Soumitra S.; Olefsky, Jerrold M.; Beal, M. Flint; Davis, Robert E. & Howell, Neil (2002). Reduced-median-network analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding-region sequences for the major African, Asian, and European haplogroups. American journal of human genetics, 70(5), 1152-1171.
Schonberg, Anna; Theunert, Christoph; Li, Mingkun; Stoneking, Mark & Nasidze, Ivan (2011). High-throughput sequencing of complete human mtDNA genomes from the Caucasus and West Asia: high diversity and demographic inferences. European Journal of Human Genetics, 19(9), 988-994.
Van Oven, M., & Kayser, M. (2009). Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human mutation, 30(2), E386-E394.

Additional Resources

mtDNA Consultants

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