H

Summary

Age: 12,846.0 ± 773.4; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012b)
Origin: West Asia
Mutations: G2706A T7028C
FTDNA Tree: Link
Parent Branch: HV
Descendant branch(s): H1 H10 H100 H101 H102 H103 H104 H105 H106 H107 H108 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H2 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29 H30 H31 H32 H33 H34 H35 H39 H4 H40 H41 H42 H43 H44 H45 H46 H47 H48 H49 H5’36 H50 H51 H52 H53 H54 H55 H56 H57 H58 H59 H6 H60 H61 H62 H63 H64 H65 H66 H67 H69 H7 H70 H71 H72 H73 H74 H75 H76 H77 H78 H79 H8 H80 H81 H82 H83 H84 H85 H86 H87 H88 H89 H9 H90 H91 H92 H93 H94 H95 H96 H99 H3

Background

Haplogroup H is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. It is a child of haplogroup HV. It was likely born in the West Asia around 13,000 years ago. (Behar et al., 2012b)

Origin

Most researchers consider the birthplace of H to have been born in West Asia.

Age

Behar et al., 2012b placed the birth of the H lineage between 12,100 and 13,600 years ago. This means the line was born in the Mesolithic. People were making highly refined stone tools.

Ancient DNA

Coming Soon

Timeline

This timeline is an overview of the H branch’s history from the first early people to the birth of the first woman from the H lineage. (View in new tab.)

Modern Populations

Despite its relative youth, haplogroup H is widely distributed. It is the dominant haplogroup across Europe. It is also found across West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In places, it reaches as far east as East Asia. It sweeps across the Middle East. It is present in North Africa. There, it reaches high frequencies in some isolated populations.

National Geographic Geno 2.0 Text

mtDNA Haplogroup H Phylotree History

Phylotree.org is the maternal (mtDNA) tree of humanity. It is maintained by Dr. Mannis Van Oven. Each build is a major update to the tree. The current build is #17.

mtDNA Haplogroup H Data Sources

GenBank Samples

GenBank is a database of genetic sequence data. It is run by the United States National Institute of Health. It serves as the main repository for mtDNA full sequence profiles. Samples come both from published academic literature and donations from genetic genealogy community members. In addition to GenBank samples, listings below may include other samples published but not submitted to GenBank such as those from the HapMap project.

Note: GenBank results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing resuts over to build 17.

Geno 2.0 Data

Data from Geno 2.0 is derived from the The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project — the DAR. The Hg ID is specific to this site and is used to protect the identities of those who take part in Genographic research. Birth Country, Mother's Birth Country, and Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country have been normalized from DAR database fields. The Maternal Origin is determined based on the three previous fields.

Note: Geno 2.0 results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing resuts over to build 17.

If you use the information in this table, please credit both this site and The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project.

Sources & Resources

Related Sources

• Achilli, A., Rengo, C., Magri, C., Battaglia, V., Olivieri, A., Scozzari, R., Moral, P. (2004). The Molecular Dissection of mtDNA Haplogroup H Confirms That the Franco-Cantabrian Glacial Refuge Was a Major Source for the European Gene Pool. American journal of human genetics, 75(5), 910-918.
• Behar, D.M., Harmant, C., Manry, J., van Oven, M., Haak, W., Martinez-Cruz, B., Salaberria, J., Oyharçabal, B., Bauduer, F., Comas, D. and Quintana-Murci, L. (2012). The Basque Paradigm: Genetic Evidence of a Maternal Continuity in the Franco-Cantabrian Region since Pre-Neolithic Times. American journal of human genetics, 90(3), 486-493.
• Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R. (2012). A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. American journal of human genetics, 90(4), 675-684.
• Derenko, M., Malyarchuk, B., Bahmanimehr, A., Denisova, G., Perkova, M., Farjadian, S., & Yepiskoposyan, L. (2013). Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80673.
• Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2011). MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. Mitochondrion, 11(2), 351-356.
• Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2013). An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination. Mitochondrion, 13(4), 360-363.
• Fraumene, C., Belle, E.M., Castrì, L., Sanna, S., Mancosu, G., Cosso, M., Marras, F., Barbujani, G., Pirastu, M. and Angius, A. (2006). High Resolution Analysis and Phylogenetic Network Construction Using Complete mtDNA Sequences in Sardinian Genetic Isolates. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23(11), 2101-2111.
• Gasparre, G., Porcelli, A.M., Bonora, E., Pennisi, L.F., Toller, M., Iommarini, L., Ghelli, A., Moretti, M., Betts, C.M., Martinelli, G.N. and Ceroni, A.R. (2007). Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(21), 9001-9006.
• Ghelli, A., Porcelli, A.M., Zanna, C., Vidoni, S., Mattioli, S., Barbieri, A., Iommarini, L., Pala, M., Achilli, A., Torroni, A. and Rugolo, M. (2009). The Background of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J Increases the Sensitivity of Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Cells to 2,5-Hexanedione Toxicity. PLoS ONE, 4(11), e7922.
• Family Tree DNA & Greenspan (2006). Sequences Directly Submited by Family Tree DNA on Customers’ Behalf. , -, -.
• Howell, N., Oostra, R.J., Bolhuis, P.A., Spruijt, L., Clarke, L.A., Mackey, D.A., Preston, G. and Herrnstadt, C. (2003). Sequence Analysis of the Mitochondrial Genomes from Dutch Pedigrees with Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. American journal of human genetics, 72(6), 1460-1469.
• Ingman, M., Kaessmann, H., Pääbo, S., & Gyllensten, U. (2000). Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature, 408(6813), 708-713.
• Malyarchuk, B., Derenko, M., Grzybowski, T., Perkova, M., Rogalla, U., Vanecek, T. and Tsybovsky, I. (2010). The Peopling of Europe from the Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5 Perspective. PLoS ONE, 5(4), e10285+.
• Pello, R., Martín, M.A., Carelli, V., Nijtmans, L.G., Achilli, A., Pala, M., Torroni, A., Gómez-Durán, A., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Martinuzzi, A. and Smeitink, J.A. (2008). Mitochondrial DNA background modulates the assembly kinetics of OXPHOS complexes in a cellular model of mitochondrial disease. Human Molecular Genetics, 17(24), 4001-4011.
• Pereira, L., Gonçalves, J., Franco-Duarte, R., Silva, J., Rocha, T., Arnold, C., Richards, M. and Macaulay, V. (2007). No Evidence for an mtDNA Role in Sperm Motility: Data from Complete Sequencing of Asthenozoospermic Males. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(3), 868-874.
• Pichler, Irene; Fuchsberger, Christian; Platzer, Christa; Caliskan, Minal; Marroni, Fabio; Pramstaller, Peter P. & Ober, Carole (2009). Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. European Journal of Human Genetics, 18(4), 463-470.
• Raule, N., Sevini, F., Li, S., Barbieri, A., Tallaro, F., Lomartire, L., Vianello, D., Montesanto, A., Moilanen, J.S., Bezrukov, V. and Blanché, H. (2014). The co-occurrence of mtDNA mutations on different oxidative phosphorylation subunits, not detected by haplogroup analysis, affects human longevity and is population specific. Aging cell, 13(3), 401-407.
• Schonberg, Anna; Theunert, Christoph; Li, Mingkun; Stoneking, Mark & Nasidze, Ivan (2011). High-throughput sequencing of complete human mtDNA genomes from the Caucasus and West Asia: high diversity and demographic inferences. European Journal of Human Genetics, 19(9), 988-994.
• Seoane, M., Mosquera-Miguel, A., Gonzalez, T., Fraga, M., Salas, A. and Costoya, J.A. (2011). The Mitochondrial Genome Is a “Genetic Sanctuary” during the Oncogenic Process. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23327.
• Shlush, L.I., Behar, D.M., Yudkovsky, G., Templeton, A., Hadid, Y., Basis, F., Hammer, M., Itzkovitz, S. and Skorecki, K. (2008). The Druze: a population genetic refugium of the Near East. PLoS ONE, 3(5), e2105+.
• Soini, H.K., Moilanen, J.S., Finnila, S. and Majamaa, K. (2012). Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Finnish patients with matrilineal diabetes mellitus. BMC research notes, 5(1), 1.
• Van Oven, M., & Kayser, M. (2009). Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human mutation, 30(2), E386-E394.
• Zaragoza, M.V., Fass, J., Diegoli, M., Lin, D. and Arbustini, E. (2010). Mitochondrial DNA Variant Discovery and Evaluation in Human Cardiomyopathies through Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS ONE, 5(8), e12295.
• Zheng, H. X., Yan, S., Qin, Z. D., & Jin, L. (2012). MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time. Nature Scientific Reports, 2, -.

Additional Resources

• Ian Logan’s mtDNA Pages
• Ian Logan’s Instructions for mtGenome Genbank Donation
• James Lick’s mtDNA Utility
• The FTDNA Haplogroup Project for Haplogroup H & HV
• The Wikipedia Article for Haplogroup H

mtDNA Consultants

The following members of the community offer paid consulting for those seeking help with mtDNA results. Inclusion on this list is not a recommendation or endorsement of any service.

• DNA Explorers – Robert Sliwinski
• Genetic Genealogy Consultant – Ugo Perego
• Your DNA Guide – Diahan Southard