H – Haplogroup

Summary

Age: 12,846.0 ± 773.4; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012b)
Origin: West Asia
Variants: G2706A T7028C
FTDNA Tree: Link
Parent Branch: HV
Descendant branch(s): H1 H10 H100 H101 H102 H103 H104 H105 H106 H107 H108 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H2 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29 H30 H31 H32 H33 H34 H35 H39 H4 H40 H41 H42 H43 H44 H45 H46 H47 H48 H49 H5’36 H50 H51 H52 H53 H54 H55 H56 H57 H58 H59 H6 H60 H61 H62 H63 H64 H65 H66 H67 H69 H7 H70 H71 H72 H73 H74 H75 H76 H77 H78 H79 H8 H80 H81 H82 H83 H84 H85 H86 H87 H88 H89 H9 H90 H91 H92 H93 H94 H95 H96 H99 H3

YFull Info

Name: H
Age: 36600 to 30900 ybp [95% CI]
Expansion: -
Variants: G2706A T7028C

Note: This information does not imply an endorsement of YFull or their methods. It is provided at the request of readers.

Haplogroup H is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. It is a child of haplogroup HV. It was likely born in the West Asia around 13,000 years ago. (Behar et al., 2012b)

Origin

Most researchers consider the birthplace of H to have been born in West Asia.

Age

Behar et al., 2012b placed the birth of the H lineage between 12,100 and 13,600 years ago. This means the line was born in the Mesolithic. People were making highly refined stone tools.

Ancient DNA

Coming Soon

Timeline

This timeline is an overview of the H branch’s history from the first early people to the birth of the first woman from the H lineage. (View in new tab.)

Modern Populations

Despite its relative youth, haplogroup H is widely distributed. It is the dominant haplogroup across Europe. It is also found across West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In places, it reaches as far east as East Asia. It sweeps across the Middle East. It is present in North Africa. There, it reaches high frequencies in some isolated populations.

National Geographic Geno 2.0 Text

Haplogroup: H
Age: 28,000 ± 890 Years Ago
Origin: West Asia
Blurb: This step in your maternal ancestors’ travels took place around 28,000 years ago in West Asia. Before the weather in the Northern Hemisphere became inhospitable, groups containing this lineage expanded into Central Asia, Europe, and East Africa.
However, the last glacial maximum forced early Europeans into refugia and drastically reducing population sizes and genetic diversity.As the last glacial maximum ended and the ice sheets began their retreat, those who had been living in the refugia recolonized Europe. Yours was by far the most frequent maternal lineage carried by these expanding groups. Later migrations, such as those during the Neolithic Revolution and those triggered by the Bronze Age, brought additional groups containing different subtypes of this line to Europe.
Today, this lineage makes up 40 to 60 percent of the gene pool in most European populations. The highest percentage of this line in Europe is in Ireland, where it makes up 61 percent of the population.Elsewhere in Europe and West Asia, other isolated subtypes also expanded at the end of the last glacial maximum. This branch is 25 percent of the population in Turkey, 20 percent of the population in the Caucasus Mountains, 15 percent of the population in Central Asia, and 20 percent of Southwest Asian lineages.Interest Points: French Queen Marie Antoinette and Renaissance astronomer Nicholas Copernicus were members of this line.

mtDNA Haplogroup H Phylotree History

Phylotree.org is the maternal (mtDNA) tree of humanity. It is maintained by Dr. Mannis Van Oven. Each build is a major update to the tree. The current build is #17.

Build#	Called	Variants (Mutations)	Notes
01	H	2706 7028	Released 27 Aug 2008
02	H	2706 7028	Released 14 Oct 2008
03	H	2706 7028	Released 1 Mar 2009
04	H	2706 7028	Released 10 May 2009
05	H	2706 7028	Released 8 Jul 2009
06	H	2706 7028	Released 28 Sep 2009
07	H	2706 7028	Released 10 Nov 2009
08	H	2706 7028	Released 21 Mar 2010
09	H	2706 7028	Released 20 Jun 2010
10	H	2706 7028	Released 10 Aug 2010
11	H	2706 7028	Released 7 Feb 2011
12	H	2706 7028	Released 20 Jul 2011
13	H	2706 7028	Released 28 Dec 2011; Last Build to use the rCRS
14	H	G2706A T7028C	Released 5 Apr 2012; First version to use the RSRS
15	H	G2706A T7028C	Released 30 Sep 2012
16	H	G2706A T7028C	Released 19 Feb 2014
17	H	G2706A T7028C	Released 18 Feb 2016

mtDNA Haplogroup H Data Sources

GenBank Samples

GenBank is a database of genetic sequence data. It is run by the United States National Institute of Health. It serves as the main repository for mtDNA full sequence profiles. Samples come both from published academic literature and donations from genetic genealogy community members. In addition to GenBank samples, listings below may include other samples published but not submitted to GenBank such as those from the HapMap project.

Note: GenBank results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing results over to build 17.

Hg ID	Origin	Publication	Hg BLD16	Hg YFull	Missing Variants	Additional Variants
Hap5000060	-	Achilli et al., 2004	H	-	none	H:72, 183, 309.1C, 315.1C, 1598, 16066, 16239
Hap5000061	-	Achilli et al., 2004	H	-	none	H:309.1C, 315.1C, 3460, 3786, 11536
Hap5000062	-	Achilli et al., 2004	H	-	none	H:309.1C, 315.1C, 16362
Hap5000795	-	Behar et al., 2012a	H	-	none	H:315.1C, 5794, 8485, 8723
Hap5000847	-	Behar et al., 2012a	H	-	none	H:309.1C, 315.1C, 13191
Hap5000896	-	Behar et al., 2012a	H	-	none	H:93, 151, 315.1C, 1578R
Hap5001251	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:200, 309.1CC, 315.1C, 9699, 15805
Hap5001317	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	H:146	H:152Y, 315.1C, 6410, 9284, 9328, 16124, 16245
Hap5001335	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:315.1C, 3826, 14605R
Hap5001425	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	H:73	H:207, 309.1C, 315.1C, 16192, 16519
Hap5001871	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:309.1C, 315.1C, 8877, 13431, 16519
Hap5001897	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:315.1C, 16274
Hap5001920	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	H:73	H:315.1C, 14968
Hap5002040	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:315.1C, 8772, 9110, 16261
Hap5002255	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:93, 151, 315.1C, 5277, 9593
Hap5002642	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:151, 309.1C, 315.1C, 7109A, 13819
Hap5002699	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:309.1C, 315.1C, 980, 3290, 11665, 13651, 16354
Hap5002878	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	H:13105	H:309.1CC, 315.1C
Hap5002904	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:315.1C, 523-524d, 14851, 16319
Hap5003215	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	H:146	H:315.1C, 524.1AC, 10237, 10598, 12134A, 16184
Hap5003446	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:309.1C, 315.1C, 16093
Hap5003633	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	H:10398	H:131, 309.1CC, 315.1C, 524.1AC, 6752C, 9103, 11563G, 14218
Hap5003779	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:315.1C, 5483, 10550
Hap5003932	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	none	H:315.1C, 3172, 9074, 13759
Hap5004024	-	Behar et al., 2012b	H	-	H:73, 16278	H:315.1C, 13581Y

Sources & Resources

Related Sources

Achilli, A., Rengo, C., Magri, C., Battaglia, V., Olivieri, A., Scozzari, R., Moral, P. (2004). The Molecular Dissection of mtDNA Haplogroup H Confirms That the Franco-Cantabrian Glacial Refuge Was a Major Source for the European Gene Pool. American journal of human genetics, 75(5), 910-918.
Behar, D.M., Harmant, C., Manry, J., van Oven, M., Haak, W., Martinez-Cruz, B., Salaberria, J., Oyharçabal, B., Bauduer, F., Comas, D. and Quintana-Murci, L. (2012). The Basque Paradigm: Genetic Evidence of a Maternal Continuity in the Franco-Cantabrian Region since Pre-Neolithic Times. American journal of human genetics, 90(3), 486-493.
Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R. (2012). A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. American journal of human genetics, 90(4), 675-684.
Derenko, M., Malyarchuk, B., Bahmanimehr, A., Denisova, G., Perkova, M., Farjadian, S., & Yepiskoposyan, L. (2013). Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80673.
Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2011). MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. Mitochondrion, 11(2), 351-356.
Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2013). An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination. Mitochondrion, 13(4), 360-363.
Fraumene, C., Belle, E.M., Castrì, L., Sanna, S., Mancosu, G., Cosso, M., Marras, F., Barbujani, G., Pirastu, M. and Angius, A. (2006). High Resolution Analysis and Phylogenetic Network Construction Using Complete mtDNA Sequences in Sardinian Genetic Isolates. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23(11), 2101-2111.
Gasparre, G., Porcelli, A.M., Bonora, E., Pennisi, L.F., Toller, M., Iommarini, L., Ghelli, A., Moretti, M., Betts, C.M., Martinelli, G.N. and Ceroni, A.R. (2007). Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(21), 9001-9006.
Ghelli, A., Porcelli, A.M., Zanna, C., Vidoni, S., Mattioli, S., Barbieri, A., Iommarini, L., Pala, M., Achilli, A., Torroni, A. and Rugolo, M. (2009). The Background of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J Increases the Sensitivity of Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Cells to 2,5-Hexanedione Toxicity. PLoS ONE, 4(11), e7922.
FamilyTreeDNA & Greenspan (2006). Sequences Directly Submited by FamilyTreeDNA on Customers’ Behalf. , -, -.
Howell, N., Oostra, R.J., Bolhuis, P.A., Spruijt, L., Clarke, L.A., Mackey, D.A., Preston, G. and Herrnstadt, C. (2003). Sequence Analysis of the Mitochondrial Genomes from Dutch Pedigrees with Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. American journal of human genetics, 72(6), 1460-1469.
Ingman, M., Kaessmann, H., Pääbo, S., & Gyllensten, U. (2000). Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature, 408(6813), 708-713.
Malyarchuk, B., Derenko, M., Grzybowski, T., Perkova, M., Rogalla, U., Vanecek, T. and Tsybovsky, I. (2010). The Peopling of Europe from the Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5 Perspective. PLoS ONE, 5(4), e10285+.
Pello, R., Martín, M.A., Carelli, V., Nijtmans, L.G., Achilli, A., Pala, M., Torroni, A., Gómez-Durán, A., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Martinuzzi, A. and Smeitink, J.A. (2008). Mitochondrial DNA background modulates the assembly kinetics of OXPHOS complexes in a cellular model of mitochondrial disease. Human Molecular Genetics, 17(24), 4001-4011.
Pereira, L., Gonçalves, J., Franco-Duarte, R., Silva, J., Rocha, T., Arnold, C., Richards, M. and Macaulay, V. (2007). No Evidence for an mtDNA Role in Sperm Motility: Data from Complete Sequencing of Asthenozoospermic Males. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24(3), 868-874.
Pichler, Irene; Fuchsberger, Christian; Platzer, Christa; Caliskan, Minal; Marroni, Fabio; Pramstaller, Peter P. & Ober, Carole (2009). Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. European Journal of Human Genetics, 18(4), 463-470.
Raule, N., Sevini, F., Li, S., Barbieri, A., Tallaro, F., Lomartire, L., Vianello, D., Montesanto, A., Moilanen, J.S., Bezrukov, V. and Blanché, H. (2014). The co-occurrence of mtDNA mutations on different oxidative phosphorylation subunits, not detected by haplogroup analysis, affects human longevity and is population specific. Aging cell, 13(3), 401-407.
Schonberg, Anna; Theunert, Christoph; Li, Mingkun; Stoneking, Mark & Nasidze, Ivan (2011). High-throughput sequencing of complete human mtDNA genomes from the Caucasus and West Asia: high diversity and demographic inferences. European Journal of Human Genetics, 19(9), 988-994.
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Shlush, L.I., Behar, D.M., Yudkovsky, G., Templeton, A., Hadid, Y., Basis, F., Hammer, M., Itzkovitz, S. and Skorecki, K. (2008). The Druze: a population genetic refugium of the Near East. PLoS ONE, 3(5), e2105+.
Soini, H.K., Moilanen, J.S., Finnila, S. and Majamaa, K. (2012). Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Finnish patients with matrilineal diabetes mellitus. BMC research notes, 5(1), 1.
Van Oven, M., & Kayser, M. (2009). Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human mutation, 30(2), E386-E394.
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Zheng, H. X., Yan, S., Qin, Z. D., & Jin, L. (2012). MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time. Nature Scientific Reports, 2, -.

Additional Resources

mtDNA Consultants

The following members of the community offer paid consulting for those seeking help with mtDNA results. Inclusion on this list is not a recommendation or endorsement of any service.

Keywords

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