Summary
Age: 23,912.2 ± 4,780.8; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012b)
Origin: Central Asia
Variants: T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T
FTDNA Tree: Link
Parent Branch: CZ
Descendant branch(s): C1 C4 C5 C7
YFull Info
Name: CAge: 47500 to 29200 ybp [95% CI]
Expansion: -
Variants: T3552A A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T
Note: This information does not imply an endorsement of YFull or their methods. It is provided at the request of readers.
Haplogroup C is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. It is a child of major haplogroup CZ. It was likely born in East Asia around 24,000 years ago. (Behar et al., 2012b) Through historic travels, members of this line live across East Asia and the Americas.
Origin
The highest diversity of C branches is in Central Asia. Because of that, researchers believe it was born there. That is also where the most members of this line live today. However, some descendants traveled to the Americas.
Those that reached the Americas belong to the one of several branches. They are C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c.
Age
Behar et al., 2012b placed the birth of the A lineage between 19,100 and 28,700 years ago. This means the line was born in the Upper Paleolithic. At the time, people were using stone tools.
Ancient DNA
In the Americas, several C samples from ancient DNA extracted from teeth found in northwestern North America have been found. (Malhi et al., 2004) These could be from any one of the Native American C branches.
- Northern Plateau
- Plateau Salish (Salisham language family) 1 out of 11 samples dating to about 200 BP
- Vantage 1 out 7 samples dating to between 500 and 1500 BP
- Southern Plateau
- Plateau Sahaptian (Sahaptian language family) 2 out of 8 samples dating to about 200 BP
Timeline
This timeline is an overview of the C branch’s history from the first early people to the birth of the first woman from the C lineage. (View in new tab.)
Modern Populations
In modern populations, C is most common in northern Asia. It is present in lower frequencies in the rest of East Asia as well as parts of South Asia and Eastern Europe. It has several branches in the Americas.
National Geographic Geno 2.0 Text
Age: 28,300 ± 9,000 Years Ago
Origin: Central Asia
Blurb: This point in your direct maternal ancestors’ journey began around 28,300 years ago between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal in Central Asia, where the combination of deserts and plains lends itself to the nomadic lifestyle. Some members of this line migrated into East Asia.From East Asia, groups containing women from this lineage spread into Siberia. Geneticists consider it a founding lineage there, and it makes up over 20 percent of the population. This line now makes up around 5 to 10 percent of the people in Central Asia, and around 3 percent of people living in East Asia.Around 17,000 years ago, a population explosion in East Asia triggered expansion into new lands. Then over 15,000 years ago, a corridor opened between Siberia and North America. Some members of this lineage moved across into the Americas. They were one of only five founding lineages there and today this line is part of populations throughout native populations of North and South America.
Though this branch is part of populations at moderate frequencies across Asia, it contributes less than 1 percent to the lineages of Europe.
Interest Points: While four subtypes C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c traveled to the Americas, the C1a subtype is only part of Asian populations in Asia. Another subtype, C1e, appears to be specific to Iceland.
Author: Rebekah A. Canada | Copyright: National Geographic
mtDNA Haplogroup C Phylotree History
Phylotree.org is the maternal (mtDNA) tree of humanity. It is maintained by Dr. Mannis Van Oven. Each build is a major update to the tree. The current build is #17.
| Build# | Called | Variants (Mutations) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 27 Aug 2008 |
| 02 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 14 Oct 2008 |
| 03 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 1 Mar 2009 |
| 04 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 10 May 2009 |
| 05 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 8 Jul 2009 |
| 06 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 28 Sep 2009 |
| 07 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 10 Nov 2009 |
| 08 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 21 Mar 2010 |
| 09 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 20 Jun 2010 |
| 10 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 10 Aug 2010 |
| 11 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 7 Feb 2011 |
| 12 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 20 Jul 2011 |
| 13 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 28 Dec 2011; Last Build to use the rCRS |
| 14 | C | T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T | Released 5 Apr 2012; First version to use the RSRS |
| 15 | C | T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T | Released 30 Sep 2012 |
| 16 | C | T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T | Released 19 Feb 2014 |
| 17 | C | T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T | Released 18 Feb 2016 |
mtDNA Haplogroup C Data Sources
GenBank Samples
GenBank is a database of genetic sequence data. It is run by the United States National Institute of Health. It serves as the main repository for mtDNA full sequence profiles. Samples come both from published academic literature and donations from genetic genealogy community members. In addition to GenBank samples, listings below may include other samples published but not submitted to GenBank such as those from the HapMap project.
Note: GenBank results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing results over to build 17.
| Hg ID | Origin | Publication | Hg BLD16 | Hg BLD17 | Hg YFull | Missing Variants | Additional Variants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hap5009478 | Herrnstadt et al., 2002 | C | C1b14* | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 489, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-576d, 5894, 6261, 10397, 13813, 14215, 16024-16569d | ||
| Hap5009668 | Herrnstadt et al., 2002 | C | C1d1 | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 489, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-576d, 7697, 15670, 16024-16569d | ||
| Hap5009748 | Herrnstadt et al., 2002 | C | C1b1* | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 489, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-576d, 11147, 16024-16569d | ||
| Hap5009803 | Herrnstadt et al., 2002 | C | C5c1a | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 489, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-576d, 597.1C, 1670T, 7694, 10454, 16024-16569d | ||
| Hap5010888 | Kivisild et al., 2006 | C | C1d1 | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-435d, 1719, 7697, 12501, 15106, 16022-16569d | ||
| Hap5010945 | Kivisild et al., 2006 | C | C1b | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-435d, 493, 523-524d, 1719, 7337, 10084, 11447, 16022-16569d |
Sources & Resources
Related Sources
- Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R. (2012). A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. American journal of human genetics, 90(4), 675-684.
- Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2011). MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. Mitochondrion, 11(2), 351-356.
- Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2013). An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination. Mitochondrion, 13(4), 360-363.
- Herrnstadt, Corinna; Elson, Joanna L.; Fahy, Eoin; Preston, Gwen; Turnbull, Douglass M.; Anderson, Christen; Ghosh, Soumitra S.; Olefsky, Jerrold M.; Beal, M. Flint; Davis, Robert E. & Howell, Neil (2002). Reduced-median-network analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding-region sequences for the major African, Asian, and European haplogroups. American journal of human genetics, 70(5), 1152-1171.
- Kivisild, Toomas; Shen, Peidong; Wall, Dennis P.; Do, Bao; Sung, Raphael; Davis, Karen; Passarino, Giuseppe; Underhill, Peter A.; Scharfe, Curt; Torroni, Antonio; Scozzari, Rosaria; Modiano, David; Coppa, Alfredo; de Knijff, Peter; Feldman, Marcus; Cavall (2006). The Role of Selection in the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial Genomes. Genetics, 172(1), 373-387.
- Van Oven, M., & Kayser, M. (2009). Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human mutation, 30(2), E386-E394.
Additional Resources
- Ian Logan’s mtDNA Pages
- Ian Logan’s Instructions for mtGenome Genbank Donation
- James Lick’s mtDNA Utility
- The FTDNA Haplogroup Project for Haplogroup C
- The Wikipedia Article for Haplogroup C
mtDNA Consultants
The following members of the community offer paid consulting for those seeking help with mtDNA results. Inclusion on this list is not a recommendation or endorsement of any service.
Keywords
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Last Updated: [lastupdated]