Summary
Age: 23,912.2 ± 4,780.8; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012b)
Origin: Central Asia
Mutations: T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T
Parent Branch: CZ
Descendant branch(s): C1 C4 C5 C7
Background
Haplogroup C is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. The woman who founded this line lived between 19,100 and 28,700 years ago (Behar et al., 2012b).
National Geographic Geno 2.0 Text
Age: 28,300 ± 9,000 Years Ago
Origin: Central Asia
Blurb: This point in your direct maternal ancestors' journey began around 28,300 years ago between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal in Central Asia, where the combination of deserts and plains lends itself to the nomadic lifestyle. Some members of this line migrated into East Asia.
From East Asia, groups containing women from this lineage spread into Siberia. Geneticists consider it a founding lineage there, and it makes up over 20 percent of the population. This line now makes up around 5 to 10 percent of the people in Central Asia, and around 3 percent of people living in East Asia.
Around 17,000 years ago, a population explosion in East Asia triggered expansion into new lands. Then over 15,000 years ago, a corridor opened between Siberia and North America. Some members of this lineage moved across into the Americas. They were one of only five founding lineages there and today this line is part of populations throughout native populations of North and South America.
Though this branch is part of populations at moderate frequencies across Asia, it contributes less than 1 percent to the lineages of Europe.
Interest Points: While four subtypes C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c traveled to the Americas, the C1a subtype is only part of Asian populations in Asia. Another subtype, C1e, appears to be specific to Iceland.
Author: Rebekah A. Canada | Copyright: National Geographic
mtDNA Haplogroup C Phylotree History
Phylotree.org is the maternal (mtDNA) tree of humanity. It is maintained by Dr. Mannis Van Oven. Each build is a major update to the tree. The current build is #17.
| Build# | Called | Mutations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 27 Aug 2008 |
| 02 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 14 Oct 2008 |
| 03 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 1 Mar 2009 |
| 04 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 10 May 2009 |
| 05 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 8 Jul 2009 |
| 06 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 28 Sep 2009 |
| 07 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 10 Nov 2009 |
| 08 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 21 Mar 2010 |
| 09 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 20 Jun 2010 |
| 10 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 10 Aug 2010 |
| 11 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 7 Feb 2011 |
| 12 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 20 Jul 2011 |
| 13 | C | 3552A 9545 11914 13263 14318 16327 | Released 28 Dec 2011; Last Build to use the rCRS |
| 14 | C | T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T | Released 5 Apr 2012; First version to use the RSRS |
| 15 | C | T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T | Released 30 Sep 2012 |
| 16 | C | T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T | Released 19 Feb 2014 |
| 17 | C | T3552a A9545G G11914A! A13263G T14318C C16327T | Released 18 Feb 2016 |
mtDNA Haplogroup C Data Sources
GenBank Samples
GenBank is a database of genetic sequence data. It is run by the United States National Institute of Health. It serves as the main repository for mtDNA full sequence profiles. Samples come both from published academic literature and donations from genetic genealogy community members. In addition to GenBank samples, listings below may include other samples published but not submitted to GenBank such as those from the HapMap project.
Note: GenBank results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing resuts over to build 17.
| Hg ID | Publication | Missing Variants | Additional Variants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hap5009478 | Herrnstadt et al., 2002 | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 489, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-576d, 5894, 6261, 10397, 13813, 14215, 16024-16569d |
| Hap5009668 | Herrnstadt et al., 2002 | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 489, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-576d, 7697, 15670, 16024-16569d |
| Hap5009748 | Herrnstadt et al., 2002 | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 489, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-576d, 11147, 16024-16569d |
| Hap5009803 | Herrnstadt et al., 2002 | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 489, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-576d, 597.1C, 1670T, 7694, 10454, 16024-16569d |
| Hap5010888 | Kivisild et al., 2006 | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-435d, 1719, 7697, 12501, 15106, 16022-16569d |
| Hap5010945 | Kivisild et al., 2006 | C:146, 152, 195, 247, 249d, 16129, 16187, 16189, 16230, 16278, 16298, 16311, 16327 | C:1-435d, 493, 523-524d, 1719, 7337, 10084, 11447, 16022-16569d |
Geno 2.0 Data
Data from Geno 2.0 is derived from the The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project — the DAR. The Hg ID is specific to this site and is used to protect the identities of those who take part in Genographic research. Birth Country, Mother's Birth Country, and Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country have been normalized from DAR database fields. The Maternal Origin is determined based on the three previous fields.
Note: Geno 2.0 results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing resuts over to build 17.
| Hg ID | Birth Country | Mother's Birth Country | Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country | Maternal Origin |
|---|
If you use the information in this table, please credit both this site and The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project.
Sources & Resources
Related Sources
- Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R. (2012). A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. American journal of human genetics, 90(4), 675-684.
- Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2011). MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. Mitochondrion, 11(2), 351-356.
- Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2013). An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination. Mitochondrion, 13(4), 360-363.
- Herrnstadt, Corinna; Elson, Joanna L.; Fahy, Eoin; Preston, Gwen; Turnbull, Douglass M.; Anderson, Christen; Ghosh, Soumitra S.; Olefsky, Jerrold M.; Beal, M. Flint; Davis, Robert E. & Howell, Neil (2002). Reduced-median-network analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding-region sequences for the major African, Asian, and European haplogroups. American journal of human genetics, 70(5), 1152-1171.
- Kivisild, Toomas; Shen, Peidong; Wall, Dennis P.; Do, Bao; Sung, Raphael; Davis, Karen; Passarino, Giuseppe; Underhill, Peter A.; Scharfe, Curt; Torroni, Antonio; Scozzari, Rosaria; Modiano, David; Coppa, Alfredo; de Knijff, Peter; Feldman, Marcus; Cavall (2006). The Role of Selection in the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial Genomes. Genetics, 172(1), 373-387.
- Van Oven, M., & Kayser, M. (2009). Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human mutation, 30(2), E386-E394.
Additional Resources
- Ian Logan's mtDNA Pages
- Ian Logan's Instructions for mtGenome Genbank Donation
- James Lick's mtDNA Utility
- The FTDNA Haplogroup Project for Haplogroup C
- The Wikipedia Article for Haplogroup C
mtDNA Consultants
The following members of the community offer paid consulting for those seeking help with mtDNA results. Inclusion on this list is not a recommendation or endorsement of any service.
Keywords
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Last Updated: Last updated: August 5, 2018 at 14:13 pm