Summary
Age: 8,776.3 ± 3,715.2; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012b)
Origin: Undetermined
Mutations: T146C! C16173T
Parent Branch: M11a
Descendant branch(s):
Background
Haplogroup M11a2 is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. Its age is between 5,100 and 12,500 years (Behar et al., 2012b).
mtDNA Haplogroup M11a2 Phylotree History
Phylotree.org is the maternal (mtDNA) tree of humanity. It is maintained by Dr. Mannis Van Oven. Each build is a major update to the tree. The current build is #17.
| Build# | Called | Mutations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06 | M11a2 | 13890 | Released 28 Sep 2009 |
| 10 | M11a2 | 146 16173 | Released 10 Aug 2010 |
| 11 | M11a2 | 146 16173 | Released 7 Feb 2011 |
| 12 | M11a2 | 146 16173 | Released 20 Jul 2011 |
| 13 | M11a2 | 146 16173 | Released 28 Dec 2011; Last Build to use the rCRS |
| 14 | M11a2 | T146C! C16173T | Released 5 Apr 2012; First version to use the RSRS |
| 15 | M11a2 | T146C! C16173T | Released 30 Sep 2012 |
| 16 | M11a2 | T146C! C16173T | Released 19 Feb 2014 |
| 17 | M11a2 | T146C! C16173T | Released 18 Feb 2016 |
mtDNA Haplogroup M11a2 Data Sources
GenBank Samples
GenBank is a database of genetic sequence data. It is run by the United States National Institute of Health. It serves as the main repository for mtDNA full sequence profiles. Samples come both from published academic literature and donations from genetic genealogy community members. In addition to GenBank samples, listings below may include other samples published but not submitted to GenBank such as those from the HapMap project.
Note: GenBank results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing resuts over to build 17.
| Hg ID | Publication | Missing Variants | Additional Variants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hap5010674 | Kang et al., 2013 | M11a2:198, 215 | M11a2:310N, 9765, 11404, 16519 |
| Hap5012388 | Qin et al. 2010 | M11a2:198, 200 | M11a2:197, 315.1C, 739, 3523, 8540, 9389, 11084, 12141, 15204, 16051, 16519 |
| Hap5012404 | Qin et al. 2010 | M11a2:198 | M11a2:197, 309.1C, 315.1C, 2850, 8540, 10404, 13563, 13708, 16519 |
| Hap5016469 | Ji F et al., 2012 | none | M11a2:6614, 11404, 16519 |
| Hap5022131 | Kong et al., 2003 | M11a2:198, 11914 | M11a2:151, 309.1C, 315.1C, 11410, 15327, 16172, 16519 |
Geno 2.0 Data
Data from Geno 2.0 is derived from the The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project — the DAR. The Hg ID is specific to this site and is used to protect the identities of those who take part in Genographic research. Birth Country, Mother's Birth Country, and Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country have been normalized from DAR database fields. The Maternal Origin is determined based on the three previous fields.
Note: Geno 2.0 results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing resuts over to build 17.
| Hg ID | Birth Country | Mother's Birth Country | Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country | Maternal Origin |
|---|
If you use the information in this table, please credit both this site and The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project.
Sources & Resources
Related Sources
- Behar, D.M., van Oven, M., Rosset, S., Metspalu, M., Loogväli, E.L., Silva, N.M., Kivisild, T., Torroni, A. and Villems, R. (2012). A “Copernican” reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. American journal of human genetics, 90(4), 675-684.
- Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2011). MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. Mitochondrion, 11(2), 351-356.
- Fan, L., & Yao, Y. G. (2013). An update to MitoTool: using a new scoring system for faster mtDNA haplogroup determination. Mitochondrion, 13(4), 360-363.
- Ji, F., Sharpley, M.S., Derbeneva, O., Alves, L.S., Qian, P., Wang, Y., Chalkia, D., Lvova, M., Xu, J., Yao, W. and Simon, M. (2012). Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(19), 7391-7396.
- Kang, L., Zheng, H.X., Chen, F., Yan, S., Liu, K., Qin, Z., Liu, L., Zhao, Z., Li, L., Wang, X. and He, Y. (2013). mtDNA Lineage Expansions in Sherpa Population Suggest Adaptive Evolution in Tibetan Highlands. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(12), 2579-2587.
- Kong, Q.P., Yao, Y.G., Sun, C., Bandelt, H.J., Zhu, C.L. and Zhang, Y.P. (2003). Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 73(3), 671-676.
- Qin, Z., Yang, Y., Kang, L., Yan, S., Cho, K., Cai, X., Lu, Y., Zheng, H., Zhu, D., Fei, D. and Li, S. (2010). A mitochondrial revelation of early human migrations to the Tibetan Plateau before and after the last glacial maximum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 143(4), 555-569.
- Van Oven, M., & Kayser, M. (2009). Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human mutation, 30(2), E386-E394.
Additional Resources
- Ian Logan's mtDNA Pages
- Ian Logan's Instructions for mtGenome Genbank Donation
- James Lick's mtDNA Utility
- The FTDNA Haplogroup Project for Haplogroup M
- The Wikipedia Article for Haplogroup M
mtDNA Consultants
The following members of the community offer paid consulting for those seeking help with mtDNA results. Inclusion on this list is not a recommendation or endorsement of any service.
Keywords
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Last Updated: Last updated: November 30, -0001 at 0:00 am